Tracing Human Migration with Y-DNA Page 1 - Last update 11/24/2007
Home    Return    Haplotable    Path of R Haplogroup - YDNA
TMRCA for Y chromosome haplogroups (Karafet et. al (2008))



Description Screenshot from article available online.
Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer (2008). New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree
User:Guinsberg
The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file  Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)





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My YDNA Path from about 27,000 years ago:
  M42, M168, M89, M9, M45
R1B1b2:
  R: M207, R1: M173, R1b: M343, R1b1: P25, R1b1b: P297, R1b1b2: M269

New data as of 12/15/2008:
  R1B1b2a: L23/L49,

New data as of 4/9/2009:
R1B1b2a1: P310/P311, R1B1b2a1b: P312

Not mine: M126- M153- M160- M18- M222- M37- M65- M73- P107- P66- SRY2627- U106- U152- U198-
The "+" indicates an absolute, while the "-" indicates more testing may flip the value.
 
Credits:  Notes have been extracted from the very good book "The Journey of Man a genetic odyssey" by Spencer Wells, Princeton University Press, First Edition.  Also from Family Tree Maker, and National Geographic's Genomproject.  The book does not go into detail of how to interpret or date individual Y-chromosome or mtDNA.   Although mtDNA  leads us farther back in time it does not lend itself to population tracing as does the Y-chromosome.
M42 "Adam's" descendant identified by the mutation M42 lived on the plains of East Africa some 80,000 years ago.  He is the ancestor of the overwhelming majority of males today because it is his progeny who "founded" all Haplogroups B through R.  Only Haplogroup A, which until fairly recently was confined to sub-Saharan Africa, does not carry M42.  Otherwise, all the folk of Africa and all the other continents are descended from M42 and, like ourselves, carry his mutation.  It is believed that many of his descendants pushed their way to the African coasts and up into what is now the Sahara (which was then grassland) in search of adequate food supplies for a growing population. -- Unverified --, I have ask FTDNA folks to check this text for validity since I have not found an explanation in FTDNA's web.  This is from the web site of http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~patrak01/dnaKrausancient_story.htm  - This is an interesting web in its own right.
                                           
  M168 M168 predates the "Out of Africa" migration and occurred between 79000-31000 years ago.  About 79000 years ago the greatest volcanic explosion known to science occurred, it almost wiped out mankind.  One must wonder if this great explosion set the impetus for the mutation that became M168 which is the first common marker of all non-African men;   The base Y-chromosome moved out of the Great Riff Valley of north east Africa*, crossing what was probably a very shallow red sea, or followed the coast line of the Red Sea Northward.  Some stayed in the area of Israel, Syria, and northern Iran while others went south and eastward through India, then farther east and island hopped into Australia.

*Volcanic valley formed by rifting running about 5,000 miles from the Jordan Valley through the Red Sea to central Mozambique in southeast Africa. For most of its length the Rift Valley has a width of some 35 miles and, in highland areas especially, is bounded by inward-facing escarpments with a height which often reaches 1,500–3,000 ft. It is marked by a series of lakes, including Lake Turkana, and volcanoes, such as Mount Kilimanjaro. The rift system associated with the Rift Valley extends into northern Botswana, with geological faults controlling the location of the Okavango Delta.
FTDNA Equivalent:  Adam—original Y-DNA
                                           
    M89 About 45,000 years ago M89 emerged from M168 in North Africa or the Middle East and marks 90% to 95% of all non-African males.  These were the first people to leave Africa and eventually a branch reached Australia.  While many stayed in the Middle East others followed the game into the vast steppes of central Asia.  One branch continued into Iran and the Balkans.  About 40,000 years ago a climate reversal began a new ice period, African came into drought and the grasslands that supported so much game reverted to desert, for the next 20,000 years the gateway thru the Sahara was closed. 
FTDNA Equivalent: 
                                           
      M9 40,000 years ago a man with the M9 mutation emerged from M89 somewhere on the plains of Iran or southern central Asia.  It was the descendants of M9 that was to expand their range to the ends of the earth over the next 30,000 years.  We will call them the Eurasian clan.  They followed the herds across the steppes until stopped by the mountain ranges of Central Asia -- the Hindu Kush, the Tian Shan, and the Himalayas.  Here they split with one group going North into Central Asia while others went South into the Indian subcontinent producing a new branch.
FTDNA Equivalent: 
                                           
        M45 35,000 years ago M45 emerged from M9 in a man born in Central Asia. Part of the Clan that moved north of the Hindu Kush mountains onto the Steppes in the area of present day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and southern Siberia.  This Central Asian Clan member is the ancestor of most Europeans and almost all Amerindians.
                                           
  .       M207 R:  30,000 years ago M207 emerged from M45 in a man of the Central Asian Clan.  This man is the ancestor of almost all Europeans.  This group split into two groups and while most began the colonization of Europe, a number found their way into India, where archeologist believe a large migration from the steppes into India occurred within the last 10,000 years.  The "R" linage is found in India, Pakistan, and Central Asia.
FTDNA Equivalent: R
                                           
  .         M173 R1: 30,000 years ago M173 emerged from M207.  Born in a man of the Central Asian Clan.  During this time the Eurasian Steppe lands ran from Germany and possibly France to Korea and China.  Part of the Aurignacian culture, they developed more weapons, equipment, and skills.  20,000 years ago the glaciers forced our ancestors to move south into warmer climes.  During the warming that began about 12,000 years ago our people moved back into the northern regions.  This marker is carried by most men in Western Europe.   England is 70%.  Most found in Spain and Ireland at 90%.  Most Europeans are Cro-Magnon on both mtDNA & YDNA.
FTDNA Equivalent:  R1
                                           
              M343 R1b: Around 30,000 years ago M343 emerged from M173.  They are directly descended from of the Cro-Magnon people.  They are at 70% in England, while at 90% in Spain and Ireland.  In parts of north-western Ireland it reaches 98%.  During the last ice age they moved into the warmer climate of Spain, Italy, and the Balkans.  When the ice receded they moved West and North.  There are many sub-lineages in R1b that are not yet well defined.
                                           
                P25 R1b1: The majority of R1b fits into this group and are most frequent in men in Western Europe and many in parts of the Americas.  P25 is not yet know to the IBM/Geographic Genome project. 
--  P-25 has been re-assigned from R1b to R1b1, and M343 is now the node of the tree in-between R1 and R1b1. 
---  My specific Haplogroup definition will be automatically updated in the future as the tree evolves.
                                           
                  P297 R1b1b - this is a newly projected branch
                                           
                    M269 R1b1b2: The majority of R1b1-carriers of European descent belong to this subclade.  M269 is not yet know to the IBM/Geographic Genome project.
                                           
                      L23/L49 R1b1b2a:
                                           
                        P310/P311 R1b1b2a1:
                                           
                          P312 R1b1b2a1b:
                                           
                                           
This color denotes the Y-chromosome SNPs leading to Haplogroup R. 
This color denotes the Y-chromosome path of R, leading to my lineage at R1b1b2a1b.

I have decided not to put my actual data on my web - As soon as I understand this stuff I will write-up a report.

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This table posted 6/11/2010 - These data are taken from a program that calculates halogroup probabilities (see column 3) but also calculates the fitness of the individual's match to the haplogroup.  Now comes the supprise (sort of) in that I have a very high fitness for the haplogroup Q, this is the group in which most if not all American Indians are found.  So does this mean that GM Waninto was an Amerindian after all?

Haplo-group

Fitness-score

Probability %

 

 

  

 

 

 

C3

16

0

E1b1a

13

0

E1b1b

18

0

G1

8

0

G2a

12

0

G2c

1

0

H

3

0

I1

10

0

I2a (xI2a1)

19

0

I2a1

8

0

I2b (xI2b1)

4

0

I2b1

12

0

J1

22

0

J2a1b

10

0

J2a1h

4

0

J2a1 (x bh)

15

0

J2b

6

0

L

15

0

N

10

0

Q

49

0

R1a

16

0

R1b

59

100

T

27

0


From Wikipedia:  I did not realize the parent of both Q and R is P. 
P occured 26,600 - 41,400 years ago
Break out for Q was 17,000 - 22,000 years ago
Break out for R was 19,900 - 34,300 years ago
 R1b1b2a1b

R-P312
Defining SNP: P312 (also called S116, rs34276300)
Parent Clade: R-P310
Subclades: Not mine: R-M153, R-M167, R-U152, R-L21

The P312 SNP is downstream of M269 and upstream of the M37, M65, M153, M167, M222 and U152 SNPs, but not U106. It appears to divide R1b1b2 in half. Although unpublished it was included in chip-based commercial DNA tests towards the end of 2007 and analysis of the first available results in early 2008 by amateur geneticists indicated it has a significant place in the Y-DNA tree. This led to rapid development of stand-alone tests by both EthnoAncestry and Family Tree DNA. The results from customers of these companies and testing of control samples for the rarer SNPs have confirmed the status of S116 relative to the above list.

R-M153: This haplogroup has been found mostly in Basques and Gascons, among whom it makes a sizeable fraction of the Y-DNA pool[15][16][17], though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first time it was located (Bosch 2001[18]) it was described as H102 and included 7 Basques and one Andalusian.

R-M167 (also SRY2627): The first author to test for this marker (long before modern haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999[19]. He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and Catalans (7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other Spanish, Béarnais, other French, British and Germans.

In 2000, Rosser[20] also tested for that same marker, naming the haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), Bavarians (3%), Spanish (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.

In 2001, Bosch[21] described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Further regional studies[22] have located it in significative amounts in Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia, as well as again among Basques. Cases in the Azores and Latin America have also been reported. A total of 85 individuals with this haplogroup have been found so far, almost all of them in academic studies, making it the best documented R1b1b2 subclade[23].

In 2008, two research papers by López-Parra[17] and Adams[16] respectively, identified it as very important in all the Pyrenees, with some presence further south in Iberia (specially in the Eastern half but also in Northern Portugal). It is specially prevalent among Catalans, where it includes some 20% of all men.

The R-U152 (formerly R1b1c10) subclade i (also called S28) and its discovery was announced in 2005 by EthnoAncestry. Although sample sizes are relatively small, it appears to reach a maximum in Alpine Germany and Switzerland. Ethnoancestry's commercial and research branches have shown that U152 is found from Greece westward to the Bay of Biscay in France. It appears to follow the distribution of the La Tene Celtic peoples. The percentages here are much less than found in the Alps. It has yet to be found anywhere in Ireland or Spain. Northern Italy seems to be a meeting place for both U106 and U152. Like U106, U152's specifications were not initially officially published by EthnoAncestry against their previous assertions that data would be publicly published; but again the marker was subsequently identified independently by Sims et al (2007). [13]

A recent Y-SNP to surface is S68 which was reported by EthnoAncestry in 2007. It was originally considered to be what was once referred to as a "private SNP" and by EthnoAncestry as a "Family SNP", but was recently seen in someone from another part of Europe, and with a different surname. It is only with continued research that the time depth of these markers can be estimated. At present S68 has been seen in an individual from Scotland and another from Sweden. EthnoAncestry has determined that this subclade is unlikely to be found in much more than 2% of the R1b population and is thus not considered a polymorphism.

Early results as of November 2008 suggest that R-L21 is common in the British Isles, and is yet to be observed so far in Iberian ancestry. Its subclade R-M222 is particularly associated with the Irish and Scots; in this case, the relatively high frequency of this specific subclade among the population of certain counties in northwestern Ireland may be due to positive social selection, as R1b1b2a1b6b is believed to have been the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the kings of the Uí Néill clan of ancient Ireland.
 
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